Re: ¿por que la cruz es maldita?
Leal me extraña que tu, que sueles estar bien informado, digas tan alegremente que en el N.T dice "cruz".
Lo que dice el N.T. es "stauroos" y "xilón". No dice cruz.
Pero es que no contestas a mi pregunta: ¿Porque no hay representaciones de la cruz en el cristianismo primitivo y si la hay de otros iconos como el pez por ejemplo?. Si la cruz fuera tan importante para los primeros cristianos ¿porque no la utilizaron como simbolo? ¿Porque Joe Zias dice que se usaban los arboles para colgar a los ajusticiados? (a lo mejor era solo para los judios, eso no lo se, y como a Jesús lo ejecutaron los romanos igual usaron una cruz, es posible, pero ¿si fueron los romanos porque no dejaron el cadaver expuesto a las alimañas como hacian siempre? ¿Porque lo clavaron con clavos cuando lo normal era atarlo con cuerdas y no con clavos?).
Hay cosas que no se necesita profundizar mucho, porque en nuestro idioma está claro. Pero para que no te quedes con las ganas, aquí tienes:
staurós [cross], stauróō [to crucify], anastauróō [to crucify]
staurós.
A. Th
e Cross and Crucifixion in the NT World.
I. The Meaning of the Word.
1. staurós is an upright “stake” such as is used in fences or palisades.
2. The staurós is an instrument of torture for serious offenses. It may be a vertical pointed stake, an upright with
a cross-beam above it, or a post with an intersecting beam of equal length.
II.
The Penalty of Crucifixion.
1. The Persians seem to have invented this form of execution. Alexander the Great and his successors use it, and then the Romans, although not officially for citizens. Josephus mentions mass crucifixions of rebels in Judea.
2. The condemned person carries the cross-beam to the place of execution, is fastened to it with ropes or nails, and is then hoisted on the stake, which is already erected. About the middle of the post a wooden block supports the suspended body. The height of the cross varies. A tablet hung around the victim states the cause of execution, and this is then affixed to the cross. Scourging often precedes crucifixion and the victim is exposed to mockery. Crucifixion takes place publicly, and the body may be left to rot on the cross. The death is extremely slow and agonizing. Constantine ends this form of punishment.
stauróō.
A.
Outside the NT.
1. The meaning of stauróō is “to put up posts,” “to protect by a stockade.” The sense “to crucify” is rare.
2. The LXX uses stauróō for “to hang on the gallows” (Esth. 7:9). Josephus uses the term in, e.g., Antiquities 2.77; 17.295.
C. The Early Church. In early Christian writings stauróō is common in the sense “to crucify.” Ignatius Romans 7.2 echoes Paul. Trallians 9.1 affirms the reality of the crucifixion. Justin uses the term in Dialogue 85.2; Apology 61. 13. It also occurs in the famous “Quo vadis?” passage in the Martyrdom of Peter 6.
anastauróō. This verb means “to fence around,” “to enclose,” but then also “to impale,” “to crucify.” It occurs in the NT only in Heb. 6:6. Apostates personally align themselves with those who crucify Jesus, and thus crucify him afresh. [J. SCHNEIDER, VII, 572-84]
Lo anterior se encuentra en el diccionario de Kittel, a continuación te presento lo que se encuentra en el léxico basado en el dominio semántico de Johannes P. Louw and Eugene A. Nida Editors Rondal B. Smith Part-time Editor Karen A. Munson Associate Editor.
6.27
σταυρός, οῦ m: a pole stuck into the ground in an upright position with a crosspiece attached to its upper part so that it was shaped like a or like a —‘cross.’ εἱστήκεισαν δὲ παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ ‘they stood near the cross’ Jn 19.25. In Mt 27.32 (τοῦτον ἠγγάρευσαν ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ ‘they forced him to carry Jesus’ cross’) the reference is probably to the crosspiece of the cross, which normally would have been carried by a man condemned to die.
Because of the symbolism associated with the cross, translations of the NT in all languages preserve some expression which will identify the cross, not only as a means of capital punishment, but as having a particular form, namely, an upright pole with a crossbeam.
In some receptor languages the term for a cross means simply ‘crossbeam.’ In other instances it is composed of a phrase meaning ‘crossed poles.’ It is important, however, to avoid an expression which will suggest crossed sticks in the form of X rather than a cross consisting of an upright with a horizontal beam. If at all possible one should employ a term or phrase which may be used in an extended sense, since in so many contexts the term ‘cross’ refers not only to the instrument of Christ’s death, but to the event of execution. It also becomes a symbol of the message of forgiveness and of reconciliation. Because of these extended meanings, it is important to choose a form which can, if at all possible, support these additional meanings.
6.28
ξύλονf, ου n: (a figurative extension of meaning of ξύλονa ‘wood,’ 3.60) an instrument of execution—‘cross.’ Outside the NT ξύλονf often refers to a gallows, but in the NT contexts speaking of capital punishment, the reference is to the cross on which Jesus was crucified. Ἰησοῦν, ὃν ὑμεῖς διεχειρίσασθε κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου ‘Jesus, whom you had killed by nailing him to a cross’ Ac 5.30.
Ahora lee lo que tiene que decir al respecto otro léxico griego:
σταυρός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom. et al. in the sense ‘upright, pointed stake’ or ‘pale’; s. Iren. 1, 2, 4 cj. [Harv. I, 18, 4]; as name of an aeon Hippol., Ref. 6, 31, 6)
① a pole to be placed in the ground and used for capital punishment, cross (Diod. S. 2, 18, 1; Plut. et al.; Epict. 2, 2, 20; Diog. L. 6, 45; ApcEsdr 7:1 p. 32, 8 Tdf.; AscIs 3:18; Philo, In Flacc. 84; Jos., Ant. 11, 261; 266f.; Just.; s. also CSchneider, TW III 414, 4 and JCollins, The Archeology of the Crucifixion, CBQ 1, ’39, 154–59; JBlinzler, Der Prozess Jesu3, ’60, 278–81; EDinkler, Signum Crucis ’67; JFitzmyer, CBQ 40, ’78, 493–513), a stake sunk into the earth in an upright position; a cross-piece was oft. attached to its upper part (Artem. 2, 53), so that it was shaped like a T or thus: †—MHengel, Crucifixion ’77. Lit., w. other means of execution (Diogenes, Ep. 28, 3) IRo 5:3; Hv 3, 2, 1. Used in the case of Jesus Mt 27:40, 42; Mk 15:30, 32; J 19:25, 31; Phil 2:8 (Just., D. 134, 5); GPt 4:11; 10:39, 42. ὑπομένειν σταυρόν submit to the cross Hb 12:2. The condemned carried their crosses to the place of execution.
¿No había representaciones de la cruz en los primeros cristianos? ¿A quién le importa? Nosotros vivimos en el siglo veintiuno, no en el primer siglo.
¿Por qué no dejaron el cuerpo muerto de Cristo expuesto a las alimañas? Pues
porque su cuerpo no podía ser destruido o corrompido de ninguna manera. (Hch. 2:27; sal. 16:8-11)
Otro poco de información:
Para los romanos, el palo vertical, sólo, era llamado crux simplex. Dos palos atravesados en forma de “X” se llamaban crux decussata. El palo horizontal, llamado por los romanos patibulum, a veces se ponía sobre el tope del vertical, formando así la llamada
crux commissa, en forma de una “T”. Pero si el horizontal atravesaba el vertical, dejando sobresalir éste un poco como a manera de cabecera, se le llamaba
crux immissa. Por la mención que se hace de un letrero sobre la cabeza del Señor se deduce tradicionalmente que fue en este tipo de c. en la cual clavaron a nuestro Señor Jesucristo.
Los arqueólogos han encontrado cerca de Jerusalén los restos de una persona que sufrió este tipo de condena. En su caso, además de la especie de asiento para las asentaderas, había otro como repisa para los pies, los cuales fueron fijados uno encima del otro con un clavo de hierro. Se encontró con los restos parte de la madera de la c., que era de olivo. No fue clavado por las manos, sino por los brazos en la barra horizontal. (NDB)
Saludos,
Leal
