Re: LA FASCINANTE PROFECIA DE LOS 2300 AÑOS
Hermanos Gabriel47 y elg.
Los he visto debatir sobre el mes de Adar (I y II). Personalmente evito estos temas porque me marean un poco. No es mi fueerte. Pero leyendo el otro día una enciclopedia judía que baje de internet, me conseguí con esto que anexo a continuación, con la esperanza de arrojar algún tipo de luz a su diatriba.
Lo que entiendoes que debido a ser una calendario lunar, se producen unos defases que hay que compensarlos cada cierto tiempo, añadiendo un mes, el Adar II, el cual tomaría los días del Nissan en el año que caiga el defase.
Bueno, ahí les dejo eso:
Background and History
The Jewish calendar is primarily lunar, with each month beginning on the
new moon, when the first sliver of moon becomes visible after the dark of
the moon. In ancient times, the new months used to be determined by
observation. When people observed the new moon, they would notify the
Sanhedrin. When the Sanhedrin heard testimony from two independent,
reliable eyewitnesses that the new moon occurred on a certain date, they
would declare the rosh chodesh (first of the month) and send out messengers
to tell people when the month began.
The problem with strictly lunar calendars is that there are approximately
12.4 lunar months in every solar year, so a 12-month lunar calendar loses
about 11 days every year and a 13-month lunar gains about 19 days every
year. The months on such a calendar "drift" relative to the solar year. On a
12 month calendar, the month of Nissan, which is supposed to occur in the
Spring, occurs 11 days earlier each year, eventually occurring in the Winter,
the Fall, the Summer, and then the Spring again.
To compensate for this
drift, an extra month was occasionally added: a second month of Adar. The
month of Nissan would occur 11 days earlier for two or three years, and then
would jump forward 29 or 30 days, balancing out the drift.
In the fourth century, Hillel II established a fixed calendar based on
mathematical and astronomical calculations. This calendar, still in use,
standardized the length of months and the addition of months over the
course of a 19 year cycle, so that the lunar calendar realigns with the solar
years. Adar II is added in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 19th years of
the cycle. The current cycle began in Jewish year 5758 (the year that began
October 2, 1997).
In addition, Yom Kippur should not fall adjacent to Shabbat, because this
would cause difficulties in coordinating the fast with Shabbat, and Hoshanah
http://www.jewfaq.org/calendar.htm (1 of 3) [8/14/2000 8:38:57 AM]
Rabba should not fall on Saturday because it would interfere with the
holiday's observances. A day is added to the month of Cheshvan or
subtracted from the month of Kislev of the previous year to prevent these
things from happening.
[
Months of the Jewish Year
The "first month" of the Jewish calendar is the month of Nissan, in the
spring, when Passover occurs. However, the Jewish New Year is in Tishri,
the seventh month, and that is when the year number is increased. This
concept of different starting points for a year is not as strange as it might
seem at first glance. The American "new year" starts in January, but the new
"school year" starts in September, and many businesses have "fiscal years"
that start at various times of the year. Similarly, the Jewish calendar has
different starting points for different purposes.
The names of the months of the Jewish calendar were adopted during the
time of Ezra, after the return from the Babylonian exile.
The names are
actually Babylonian month names,
brought back to Israel by the returning
exiles. Note that most of the Bible refers to months by number, not by name.
The Jewish calendar has the following months:
Name Number Length Gregorian Equivalent
Nissan (1)- 30 days----------------> March-April
Iyar (2) - 29 days ---------------->April-May
Sivan (3) - 30 days --------------->May-June
Tammuz (4) - 29 days -------------> June-July
Av (5) - 30 days ----------------->July-August
Elul (6) - 29 days ---------------->August-September
Tishri (7) - 30 days ---------------->September-October
Cheshvan (8) -29 or 30 days --------> October-November
Kislev (9) - 30 or 29 days ------------> November-December
Tevet (10) - 29 days ----------------> December-January
Shevat (11) -30 days ---------------->January-February
Adar (12) -29 or 30 days --------------> February-March
Adar II (13) - 29 days ----------------> March-April
In leap years, Adar has 30 days. In non-leap years, Adar has 29 days.The length of Cheshvan and Kislev are determined by complex calculationsi nvolving the time of day of the full moon of the following year's Tishri andthe day of the week that Tishri would occur in the following year. I won't pretend to understand the mathematics involved, and I don't particularlyrecommend trying to figure it out.
There are plenty of easily accessible computer programs that will calculate the Jewish calendar for more than a millennium to come.
Note that the number of days between Nissan and Tishri is always the same.
Because of this, the time from the first major festival (Passover in Nissan) to
the last major festival (Sukkot in Tishri) is always the same.